VFS: Introduce inode-getting helpers for layered/unioned fs environments

Introduce some function for getting the inode (and also the dentry) in an
environment where layered/unioned filesystems are in operation.

The problem is that we have places where we need *both* the union dentry and
the lower source or workspace inode or dentry available, but we can only have
a handle on one of them.  Therefore we need to derive the handle to the other
from that.

The idea is to introduce an extra field in struct dentry that allows the union
dentry to refer to and pin the lower dentry.

Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>