[SafetyCenter] Add SafetyCenterManager API to refresh data from Safety Sources

* Left TODOs for pending tasks.
* Also move broadcast actions and extras from `android.content.Intent` to `android.safetycenter.SafetyCenterManager` as suggested by API Council.

Test: atest CtsSafetyCenterTestCases (added in same topic)
Bug: 208624002
Bug: 215555855
Change-Id: I77c8cacf9c2b0703aff77b417eb5c3ee610f73ab