Clean up fuse_sideload and add a testcase.

This CL mainly changes:
a) moving the interface in struct provider_vtab to std::function;
b) code cleanup, such as moving the declaration closer to the uses,
   using explicit type conversion.

Test: recovery_component_test
Test: minadbd_test
Test: Sideload a package on marlin.
Change-Id: Id0e3c70f1ada54a4cd985b54c84438c23ed4687e