Uri: check authority and scheme as part of determining URI path

The interpretation of the path depends on whether the scheme or
authority are specified and should be observed when unparcelling
URIs.

Bug: 171966843
Test: atest FrameworksCoreTests:android.net.UriTest
Test: atest com.android.devicehealthchecks.SystemAppCheck
Change-Id: I06981d1c6e387b16df792494523994518848db37
(cherry picked from commit f37a94ae)