Remove try-catch from LocationPermissionChecker

Since LocationPermissionChecker#checkLocationPermission will be
used in ConnectivityService and the try-catch style will end up
in unwinding the stack. This CL remove the try-catch block from
this check function.

Bug: 148460709
Test: atest LocationPermissionCheckerTest
Change-Id: Ia97b3d8b1a96aca10fd87876969c290818e7e758