Respond to API council feedback.

Adjust Exception to more general Throwable, and add docs for
new ContentResolver and ContentProvider overloads.  Also add docs
for default state of strict query options.

Bug: 131598520, 141227540, 147287177
Test: atest --test-mapping packages/providers/MediaProvider
Change-Id: Icb0153b8c8a352db39de301074e948bfaa676ddb