LockSettings: Enforce permission check on havePattern/havePassword/systemReady

Also adds SafetyNet logging for attempted unauthorized access.

Change-Id: I7c5226ead332d015045dd1af6afe0e59257f0d89
Fixes: 28251513
Test: Verify everything still works; "adb shell service call locksettings 13" (and 14,20) must return a security exception.