Permission READ_PRECISE_PHONE_STATE implementation polish

- Update the javadoc for all APIs that require this permission.
- Allow carrier privileged apps to access listener APIs that require
  READ_PRECISE_PHONE_STATE.
- Consolidate permissions checks into READ_PRECISE_PHONE_STATE permission group.

Bug: 146383220
Test: atest com.android.internal.telephony.TelephonyRegistryTest
Test: atest android.telephony.cts.PhoneStateListenerTest

Change-Id: I98232261381a4629c4d65a70d6aefee35665b48d