Expand "extras" support in content tool.

We recently added a new "Bundle extras" argument to insert(),
update(), delete(), and query(), so we should ensure that developers
working from the shell can populate these extras.

Uses binding logic that was already used for call() extras.  Fixes
parsing logic to support keys or values that have escaped colons,
and fix bug to always parse as requested data type.

Bug: 150982673
Test: adb shell content query
    --uri content://media/external/images/media/
    --extra android\\\\:query-arg-match-trashed:i:3
Change-Id: I40a9a94e85e175e298b01688d3b075a89b2e3954