Allow apps to collect which appops were noted

If private user data is send to an app the data provider should note an
app-op. This change adds a new API AppOpsManager#setNotedAppOpsCollector
that allows an app to get notified every time such an private data access
happens.

This will allow apps to monitor their own private data usage. Esp. with
big, old apps, distributed teams or 3rd party libraries it might not always
be clear what subsystems access private data.

There are three different situations how private data can be accessed and
an app op is noted:

1. Private data access inside a two-way binder call.
E.g. LocationManager#getLastKnownLocation. When we start a two way
binder transaction, we remember the calling uid via
AppOpsManager#collectNotedAppOps. Then when the data providing code
calls AppOpsManager#noteOp->AppOpsManager#markAppOpNoted the noted
app-op is remembered in
AppOpsManager#sAppOpsNotedInThisBinderTransaction. Then when returning
from the binder call, we add the list of noted app-ops to the
reply-parcel via AppOpsManager#prefixParcelWithAppOpsIfNeeded. On the
calling side we check if there were any app-ops noted in
AppOpsManager#readAndLogNotedAppops and then call the collector while
still in the binder code. This allows the collector e.g. collect a stack
trace which can be used to figure out what app code caused the
private data access.

2. Very complex apps might do permissions checks internal to themself.
I.e. an app notes an op for itself. We detect this case in
AppOpsManager#markAppOpNoted and immediately call the collector similar
to case (1).

3. Sometimes private data is accessed outside of a two-way binder call.
E.g. if an app registers a LocationListener an app-op is noted each time
a new location is send to the app. In this case it is not clear to the
framework which app-action triggered this app-op-note. Hence the data
provider has to describe in a AsyncNotedAppOp object when an why the
access happened. These objects are then send to the system server via
IAppOpsService#noteAsyncOp and then the collector in the app. There are
rare cases where a private data access happens before the app is running
(e.g. when a geo-fence is triggered). In this case we cache a small
amount of AsyncNotedAppOps (in AppOpsService#mUnforwardedAsyncNotedOps)
and deliver them when the app is ready for these events (in
AppOpsManager#setNotedAppOpsCollector).

Test: atest CtsAppOpsTestCases (includes new tests covering this
                                functionality)
Bug: 136505050
Change-Id: I96ded4a8d8d9bcb37a4555d9b1281cb57945ffa9