Only call getActiveAdminForCallerLocked when holding a lock

+ factored out all device-owner checking calls
+ some profile owner checks

Fixes: 110040849
Test: atest CtsDevicePolicyManagerTestCases:com.android.cts.devicepolicy.DeviceOwnerTest#testSetTime
Test: create a profile with TestDPS, it sets profile name.
Change-Id: I5fec70505d089bd7dcea80eae3df9c0f2b7094dd