Preserve legacy permission check behavior.

As part of the new "Nearby devices" permission work, the
registerStateChangeCallback() API has been relaxed to no longer
require permissions.  However, we've discovered that some apps were
depending on that SecurityException being thrown, so this change
restores throwing behavior for those legacy apps.

Bug: 186176507
Test: atest BluetoothInstrumentationTests
Change-Id: Ife536dee246b300ffb3dd78aef0b059a230f3835