Split Rust crate builds into compile and link phases.

Teach rustc to generate object files instead of a linked executable
for binary and shared library crates. This lets us skip the lengthy
Rust compilation phase when only the C++ dependencies of these crates
have changed.

This works using a Python script that replaces the linker invoked by
rustc and converts the linker command line into a rspfile that can be
used during the link phase. The script makes certain assumptions about
how rustc invokes the linker, but since we control the version of Rust
we use, we can update the script if those assumptions ever break. I've
asked the Rust developers about adding an official way to do this so
hopefully we won't need to rely on this hack in the future.

The rustc rule for Kythe has been altered to pass linker=true, somewhat
consistent with the main rustc rule, which now doesn't invoke the actual
linker either. `m xref_rust` still succeeds, but hopefully we can find
someone who knows more about the rest of the Kythe pipeline who can let
us know whether it should still work. Otherwise, let's use this CL as
an opportunity to find out whether the rest of the pipeline is happy
with linker=true, since otherwise we will find it hard to maintain the
Kythe rule in the future.

Change-Id: Ifb9c8689c1bd78c0afcf6fdfd111140d20377536