emulate java_library static_deps with Bazel exports

In Soong, java_library can specify static_deps which are dependencies
that get aggregated into the final jar (akin to static linking). This is
useful because it allows dependencies higher up in the chain to compile
against the APIs exported by transitive dependencies. Bazel does not
support this functionality directly, but it can be emulated via the
exports attribute which makes any targets listed in the attribute public
to targets further up the chain.

Bug: 217236083
Bug: 219908977
Test: b build //external/error_prone:error_prone_core
Test: b build //external/bouncycastle:bouncycastle-host
Test: b build --platforms=//build/bazel/platforms:linux_x86
  //prebuilts/sdk/tools/jetifier/jetifier-standalone:jetifier
Change-Id: I2867e3f816de720a6f4bd9ff7a847d1b0c2da2d6