Add protected_properties support in defaults modules

Previously, there was no way to prevent a module from overriding a
value provided by a defaults. That made it difficult to ensure
consistency across modules, e.g. for modules that use
framework-module-defaults.

This change adds the protected_properties property to defaults modules
which allows a default module to list those properties that should not
be changed by a module applying those defaults.

Properties can either be listed explicitly by name, or it can just be
a single "*" in which case all properties that are set on the defaults
will be protected.

Bug: 230841626
Test: m nothing
Change-Id: Ibb0e482c2856a572437e7818466f41c5493baf33