block: implement and use {disk|part}_to_dev()

Implement {disk|part}_to_dev() and use them to access generic device
instead of directly dereferencing {disk|part}->dev.  To make sure no
user is left behind, rename generic devices fields to __dev.

This is in preparation of unifying partition 0 handling with other
partitions.

Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>