clocksource: document some basic timekeeping concepts

This adds some documentation about clock sources, clock events,
the weak sched_clock() function and delay timers that answers
questions that repeatedly arise on the mailing lists.

Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Nicolas Pitre <nico@fluxnic.net>
Cc: Colin Cross <ccross@google.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Nicolas Pitre <nico@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>